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Rwanda has denied any involvement. But U.N. experts say Kigali provided backing to the rebels with an aim to “control the territory of the DRC and its natural resources," using “advanced military equipment, including jamming systems, short-range air defense system and armed drones.�

Rwanda has been accused of exploiting eastern Congo’s minerals, used in smartphones, advanced fighter jets and much more, which Kigali denies. The report said that smuggling of coltan, considered a critical mineral, from M23-controlled territories in recent months reached “unprecedented levels."

“Evidence indicated increasing risk of cross-border fraud as minerals from North Kivu, particularly coltan from the AFC-controlled Rubaya mine, continued to be smuggled to Rwanda.� the report said. “These minerals were then mixed with production of Rwandan origin and exported downstream.�

AFC, or Congo River Alliance, is an umbrella groups which includes M23.

The M23-controlled Rubaya mines produce coltan — short for columbite-tantalite — an ore from which the metals tantalum and niobium are extracted. Both are considered critical raw materials by the United States, the European Union, China and Japan.

Tantalum is used in mobile phones, computers and automotive electronics, as well as in aircraft engines, missile components and GPS systems. Niobium is used in pipelines, rockets and jet engines.

Congo produced about 40% of the world’s coltan in 2023, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, with Australia, Canada and Brazil being other major suppliers.

Part of the minerals smuggled to Rwanda were purchased by Boss Mining Solution Limited, a Rwandan company. To justify the plausibility of domestic origins of tantalum, tin and tungsten, the Rwandan Development Board declared annual domestic production of 8,000 to 9,000 tons of these minerals, the report said. The figure was contradicted by the ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø Institute of Statistics, independent geological studies and ITSCI.

Late last month, Rwanda and Congo signed facilitated by the U.S. while helping the U.S. government and American companies gain access to critical minerals in the region. But experts said they don’t believe it will quickly end the fighting because the most prominent armed group says it does not apply to it.

Rwanda denied the allegations from the U.N. report.

Alluding to the U.N. report, Rwanda's president Paul Kagame told reporters on Friday:“The expertise they provide, the reports they write actually do not have anything to do with the situation itself. These reports were written long ago — long ago when they were given the mission.�

A spokesperson for Rwanda’s government, Yolande Makolo, wrote on X that “�Following the signing of the US-brokered Peace Agreement last Friday, Rwanda is fully committed to its implementation.�

The report, which was first reported by Reuters, was submitted to the U.N. Security Council sanctions committee for Congo earlier this week, and will be published shortly, said a U.N. official who was not authorized to speak on the matter publicly.

Despite Congo's exceptional mineral wealth, over 70% of Congolese live on less than $2.15 a day. The conflict in the country's east has created one of the world’s largest humanitarian crises with more than 7 million people displaced, including .

The U.N. report also accused all sides in the conflict of human rights violations, including reprisal killings on suspicion of collaboration of the opposing sides.

Rwanda and M23 are responsible for “systematic campaign of repression in occupied areas, including extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrest, torture, enforced disappearance and raids in hospitals," it said. Retreating Congolese soldiers and members of the pro-government militia “committed looting, sexual violence and killings.�

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Associated Press writers Wilson McMakin in Dakar, Senegal and Rodney Muhumuza in Kampala, Uganda, contributed to this report.