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But judges appointed by Democratic and Republican presidents haven’t always gone along with those arguments, at least so far. Most notably, DOGE critics are failing to obtain temporary restraining orders that would prevent Musk’s team from accessing sensitive government databases.

“It is not the job of the federal courts to police the security of the information systems in the executive branch,� wrote U.S. District Judge Randolph Moss in a case involving the Office of Personnel Management. Moss was appointed by President Barack Obama.

The success is striking given the other challenges that Trump has faced , which has blocked — at least temporarily — his efforts to limit birthright citizenship, freeze congressionally authorized foreign aid and stop some healthcare services for transgender youth.

If Musk’s opponents continue struggling to gain traction with lawsuits, he could be largely unencumbered in his crusade to downsize the federal government and workforce.

“The continued successes in the courts in favor of the Trump administration shouldn’t be a surprise to anyone who has ever read our great Constitution, which clearly lays out the role of the Executive Branch, and which President Trump and his entire administration are following to a T," Harrison Fields, the White House deputy press secretary, said in a statement. "The resistance campaign can try, but they will continue to fail in their pursuit to rewrite the Constitution and deny the people the legal authority of the President to run the Executive Branch.�

Cary Coglianese, an expert on administrative law and regulatory processes at the University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, said plaintiffs haven't been successful at demonstrating there would be irreparable harm if DOGE's plans move forward.

“This is a very fast moving train and they’re well ahead of where the judiciary is,� he said.

Skye Perryman, the leader of Democracy Forward, an advocacy group organizing lawsuits against the Trump administration, said they would continue to put legal pressure on the White House.

“We have seen no federal judge consider DOGE’s actions and endorse them," she said.

An exception to DOGE's legal victories has been two lawsuits regarding Treasury Department systems, which are used to distribute trillions of dollars in federal money. The databases can include sensitive information like bank accounts and Social Security numbers, and they're traditionally maintained only by nonpartisan career officials.

A judge in Washington restricted DOGE's access to two staff members, while another judge in New York has temporarily blocked DOGE altogether.

Norm Eisen, a lawyer who worked for House Democrats during their first impeachment of Trump, said it was too early to say that the legal efforts wouldn't work. He noted that U.S. District Judge Tanya Chutkan, also appointed by Obama, expressed concern about Musk's apparent “unchecked authority" in a case involving federal data and worker layoffs.

Although she didn't issue a temporary restraining sought by Democratic attorneys general from 14 states, Chutkan said they could still make a strong argument Musk and DOGE violated the Constitution as the case progresses.

Eisen is representing current and former employees at the U.S. Agency for International Development, which was shut down by Musk and Trump. His lawsuit alleges that Musk and DOGE are exercising powers that should only belong to those elected by voters or confirmed by the Senate.

“These are not minor peccadillos," Eisen said. “These are some of the most fundamental issues that our Constitution and laws address.�

John Yoo, a law professor at the University of California in Berkeley, said an important factor has been the administration's contention that without any independent authority. He said there are echoes of another legal battle from the 1990s, when Hillary Clinton chaired a healthcare task force as first lady. A federal appeals court in Washington ruled that the task force did not need to comply with rules on open meetings.

“That’s how they’re winning the lawsuits," Yoo said. "They’re trying to stay on the side of the line that the D.C. circuit has drawn.�

U.S. District Judge Deborah Boardman heard more than three hours of arguments Wednesday on a in a lawsuit challenging DOGE’s access to personal information collected by the federal government.

She did not issue a decision, and expressed skepticism about the argument from labor unions. But she also pressed administration lawyers on why DOGE representatives “need to know everything.�

Emily Hall of the Justice Department said DOGE was tasked with making “broad, sweeping reforms� that require such access.

“It’s a pretty vague answer,� responded Boardman, who was appointed by President Joe Biden.

A major victory for Trump and Musk came in Boston, where U.S. District Judge George O'Toole Jr. allowed the administration to implement its deferred resignation program.

Commonly described as a buyout, the program allows workers to quit while getting paid until Sept. 30. It was challenged by a group of labor unions, but O'Toole ruled against them on technical legal grounds, saying they didn't have standing to sue. O'Toole was appointed by President Bill Clinton.

Moss, the judge in the case involving the Office of Personnel Management, also decided not to block Musk's team from viewing Education Department data. He pointed out that DOGE employees had testified in court papers they would follow laws around information sharing.

U.S. District Judge John Bates, an appointee of President George W. Bush, also did not stand in the way of DOGE's involvement at the Department of Labor, the Department of Health and Human Services and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

Although Bates said he had “serious concerns� about the privacy issues raised by the legally complex case, he found the evidence did not yet justify a court block.

Administration lawyers said the DOGE team was not “running rampant, accessing any data system they desire� and had gotten security training and signed nondisclosure agreements.

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